|
The Calusa ( ) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region; at the time of European contact, the Calusa were the people of the Caloosahatchee culture. They are notable for having developed a complex culture based on estuarine fisheries rather than agriculture. Calusa territory reached from Charlotte Harbor to Cape Sable, all of present-day Charlotte and Lee counties, and may have included the Florida Keys at times. They had the highest population density of south Florida; estimates of total population at the time of European contact range from 10,000 to several times that, but these are still speculative. Calusa political influence and control also extended over other tribes in southern Florida, including the Mayaimi around Lake Okeechobee and the Tequesta and Jaega on the southeast coast of the peninsula. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida.〔MacMahon and Marquardt:1-2〕 ==Name== Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town and its chief as ''Calos'', ''Calus'', ''Caalus'', and ''Carlos''. Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a Spaniard held captive by the Calusa in the 16th century, recorded that ''Calusa'' meant "fierce people" in their language. Anglo-Americans used the term ''Calusa'' for the people by the early 19th century. It is based on the Creek and Mikasuki (languages of the present-day Seminole and Miccosukee nations) ethnonym for the people who had lived around the Caloosahatchee River (also from the Creek language).〔Marquadt 2004:211–2 Hann 2003:14–5〕 Juan Rogel, a Jesuit missionary to the Calusa in the late 1560s, noted the chief's name as ''Carlos'', but wrote that the name of the "kingdom" was ''Escampaba'', with an alternate spelling of ''Escampaha''. Rogel also stated that the chief's name was ''Caalus'', and that the Spanish had changed it to ''Carlos''. Marquardt quotes a statement from the 1570s that "the Bay of Carlos ... in the Indian language is called Escampaba, for the cacique of this town, who afterward called himself Carlos in devotion to the Emperor" (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). ''Escampaba'' may be related to a place named ''Stapaba'', which was identified in the area on an early 16th-century map.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calusa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|